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EU standard VAT rate changes since 2016

Since 1 January 2016 the standard VAT rate has changed 13 times across the 27 EU member states. This page lists every change with the date it took effect, and the rate each country applies today.

All rate changes, newest first

Effective fromCountryStandard rate
Romania19% to 21%
Estonia22% to 24%
Slovakia20% to 23%
Finland24% to 25.5%
Estonia20% to 22%
Luxembourg16% to 17%
Luxembourg17% to 16%
Ireland21% to 23%
Germany16% to 19%
Ireland23% to 21%
Germany19% to 16%
Romania20% to 19%
Greece23% to 24%

Three of these changes were temporary. Germany (from July 2020), Ireland (from September 2020) and Luxembourg (during 2023) each lowered the standard rate for a period and then restored it.

Standard rate by country over time

For each country, the rate that applied from each date. A country with a single entry has not changed its standard rate since 1 January 2016.

CountryRate history
Austria
  • 20%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Belgium
  • 21%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Bulgaria
  • 20%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Croatia
  • 25%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Cyprus
  • 19%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Czechia
  • 21%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Denmark
  • 25%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Estonia
  • 20% from January 1, 2016
  • 22% from January 1, 2024
  • 24% from July 1, 2025
Finland
  • 24% from January 1, 2016
  • 25.5% from September 1, 2024
France
  • 20%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Germany
  • 19% from January 1, 2016
  • 16% from July 1, 2020
  • 19% from January 1, 2021
Greece
  • 23% from January 1, 2016
  • 24% from June 1, 2016
Hungary
  • 27%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Ireland
  • 23% from January 1, 2016
  • 21% from September 1, 2020
  • 23% from March 1, 2021
Italy
  • 22%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Latvia
  • 21%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Lithuania
  • 21%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Luxembourg
  • 17% from January 1, 2016
  • 16% from January 1, 2023
  • 17% from January 1, 2024
Malta
  • 18%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Netherlands
  • 21%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Poland
  • 23%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Portugal
  • 23%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Romania
  • 20% from January 1, 2016
  • 19% from January 1, 2017
  • 21% from August 1, 2025
Slovakia
  • 20% from January 1, 2016
  • 23% from January 1, 2025
Slovenia
  • 22%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Spain
  • 21%, unchanged since January 1, 2016
Sweden
  • 25%, unchanged since January 1, 2016

Today's rates

See the standard rate in force today for every country on the page of current EU VAT rates. EU VAT rates by country

Where the data comes from

The rates are compiled from the European Commission's TEDB service and cross-checked against the Commission's own historical rate tables and national sources, because no single source is reliable for past rates. Only standard rates are included. Reduced rates, for example for e-books and newspapers, are not.

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This page is general information, not tax advice. Confirm your own situation with a tax adviser or your tax authority.